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2 覯″一 select #x <- seq(1:10) x[-1] #豌 覯讌 覓伎 x[-(3:5)] # 3~5 覯讌 覓伎 x[c(1,3,5)] #1,3,5覯讌 襷 select x < 5 #TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE x[x < 5] #5覲企 select x[x%%2 = 1] #襷 x[!is.na(x) & !is.null(x)] #na null る.. [edit]
3 Vectors and assignment #覲 覯″郁 1, 2, 3 麹 覦覯 れ螻 螳.
> #覦覯1 > x <- c(1,2,3) > x [1] 1 2 3 > > #覦覯2 > assign("y", c(1,2,3)) > y [1] 1 2 3 > > #覦覯3 > c(1,2,3) -> z > z [1] 1 2 3 > > #覯″一 螳 螻 覦覯 > 1/z [1] 1.0000000 0.5000000 0.3333333 > > #螳 豪 覲襯 伎 覲 > a <- c(z, 0, z) > z [1] 1 2 3 > #覦覯4 scan() 伎 > x <- scan() 1: 1 2 3 4 5 6: 6 7 8 9 NA 11: Read 10 items > x [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NA > x <- scan() 1: 危 scan(file, what, nmax, sep, dec, quote, skip, nlines, na.strings, : scan 'a real'襯 豸″螻 , 詞 蟆 ''給 > scan(what = "") 1: 4: Read 3 items [1] "" "" "" > scan(what = complex(1)) #覲旧 1: 1 2 3 4: Read 3 items [1] 1+0i 2+0i 3+0i > x <- scan(what = numeric()) 1: 1 2 3 4: Read 3 items > x [1] 1 2 3 > #c:\r_work.txt 殊 る 螳 > x <- scan(file = "c:\\r_work.txt") Read 6 items > x [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 > x <- scan(file = "c:\\r_work.txt", what = character(0)) #what 讌 Read 6 items > x [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" > [edit]
4 Vector arithmetic # 覯″一 蠍語願 るゴ覃 讌ъ 讓曙 豌覿 れ [1]. 蟆曙 2*x + y + 1
, x(1,2,3), y(1,2,3,0,1,2,3) ,
> # 覯″一 蠍語願 るゴ覃 讌ъ 讓曙 豌覿 れ . > x <- c(1,2,3) > y <- c(x,0,x) > v <- 2*x + y + 1 Warning message: In 2 * x + y : longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length > v [1] 4 7 10 3 6 9 6 > れ螻 螳 一磯 . sum() 企. x {1,2,3}企襦 sum(x) 襴願 1+2+3 蟆郁骸 6企. length() count. x {1,2,3}企襦 length(x) 襴願 3企. mean() 蠏企. 蠏碁覩襦 x [1,2,3}企襦 mean(x) 襴願 2企.
> sum((x-mean(x))^2)/(length(x)-1) [1] 1 > sum(x) [1] 6 > length(x) [1] 3 > mean(x) [1] 2 > るジ 襦 12 + 22 + ... + 102 れ螻 螳 螻壱 .
> sum(1:10^2) [1] 5050 > 覲旧 蟆曙磯 れ螻 螳 豌襴 .
> sqrt(-17) [1] NaN Warning message: In sqrt(-17) : NANs螳 焔給 蠏碁覩襦 れ螻 螳 豌襴.
> sqrt(-17+0i) [1] 0+4.123106i [edit]
5 Generating regular sequences #Sequence襯 襷 覦覯 れ螻 螳.
> #覦覯1: 豐 Seqeunce > 1:10 -> seq10 > seq10 [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > > #覦覯2: seed 譯手鍵 > seq(1, 10, by=2) ->seq10 > seq10 [1] 1 3 5 7 9 > > #覦覯3: 企蟆 企 . > seq10 <- seq(length=5, from=1, by=2) > seq10 [1] 1 3 5 7 9 > > #覦覯4: Seqeunce 覦覲 > x <- 1:3 > s <- rep(x, times=5) > s [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 > seq(c(1,3,2)) [1] 1 2 3 > sequence(c(1,3,2)) #{1}, {1,2,3}, {1,2} [1] 1 1 2 3 1 2 > > #覦覯5: 螳螳 覦覲牛 . > s <- rep(x, each=5) > s [1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 > rep(3,3) [1] 3 3 3 > [edit]
6 Logical vector #Logical vectors are generated by conditions.
> x <- c(1,2,3,4,5) > x > 3 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE > > x <- c(1,1,0) > y <- c(0,1,1) > x & y [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE > x | y [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE > [edit]
7 Missing values #"Not available"企 詞朱 'NA'朱 れるゼ . is.na(x) x螳れ NA企 TRUE 覃 FALSE襯 襴危 . 碁語襦(;)朱 覓語レ 郁屋伎 . 讀, 碁語襦(;) 覓語レ 碁. (C語 螳 詞企手 覲企 .) 覓語レ 豌襴 殊曙 るジ讓曙企. 'NaN' "Not a Number" 曙襦 'NA' 襷谿螳讌襦 れ.
> z <- c(1:3, NA) > ind <- is.na(z) > z;ind [1] 1 2 3 NA [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE > z <- c(1:3, NA); ind <- is.na(z) > z;ind [1] 1 2 3 NA [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE > > Inf - Inf [1] NaN > 0/0 [1] NaN [edit]
8 Character vector #Character vector 一危(") 一危(')襯 碁. 讌襷 一危 一危襦 襴壱碁. 襯 れ, "x-values", 'New iteration results" Character vector.
> name <- c("lee", "jae", "hak"); > name [1] "lee" "jae" "hak" > name <- c('lee', 'jae', 'hak'); > name [1] "lee" "jae" "hak" > Escape Character覓語 Cろ殊企. '\'覓語襯 . Quotes 襯 豺覃 襷 れ螻 螳 伎 覲 . 谿瑚襦 一危(") \"襦 . (\) 蟆曙磯 \\襦 \\襦 襴壱 .
\n newline \r carriage return \t tab \b backspace \a alert (bell) \f form feed \v vertical tab \\ backslash \ \nnn character with given octal code (1, 2 or 3 digits) \xnn character with given hex code (1 or 2 hex digits) \unnnn Unicode character with given code (14 hex digits) \Unnnnnnnn Unicode character with given code (18 hex digits) 覓語 一一 paste()襯 覃 .
> x <- c("x", "y") > paste(x, 1:10, sep="") [1] "x1" "y2" "x3" "y4" "x5" "y6" "x7" "y8" "x9" "y10" > > paste("proc", "ess", sep="/") [1] "proc/ess" > paste("proc", "ess", sep="") [1] "process" > [edit]
9 Index vector; selecting and modifying subsets of a data set #Index vector れ螻 螳 4螳讌襦 .
> x <- c(1,2,NA) > y <- x[!is.na(x)] #NA螳 蟆れ y 麹企. > y [1] 1 2 > x <- c(0,1,NA) > x[1] [1] 0 > x[2] [1] 1 > x[3] [1] NA > (x+1)[(!is.na(x)) & x>0] -> z #NA螳 螻 0覲企 蟆れ 伎 蠍 1 企. > z [1] 2 > A vector of positive integral quantities
> x <- rep(c(1,2,2,1), times=4) #1,2,2,1 4覯 覦覲牛 vector襯 x 麹企. > x [1] 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 > c("x", "y")[x] [1] "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x" "x" "y" "y" "x" > > y <- c("x", "y") > x <- c(1, 2, 3) > y[x] #y 1覯, 2覯讌, 3覯讌 螳 豢ロ. [1] "x" "y" NA > y <- c("x", "y", "z") > y[x] [1] "x" "y" "z" > y[x & (x > 1)] [1] "y" "z" > A vector of negative integral quantities
> x <- c(1:10) > x[1] [1] 1 > x[9] [1] 9 > x[-(1:5)] [1] 6 7 8 9 10 > A vector of character strings
> fruit <- c(5, 10, 1, 20) > names(fruit) <- c("orange", "banana", "apple", "peach") > names function (x) .Primitive("names") > names(fruit) [1] "orange" "banana" "apple" "peach" > lunch <- fruit[c("apple", "orange")] > lunch apple orange 1 5 > #願碓朱 覲企 ? numeric indices襯 蠍一牛朱.. > #"orange" "banana" "apple" "peach" fruit 螳れ {5, 10, 1, 20}襯 覲 企企. names attribute.. 企一 蟆る .
> x <- c(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, NA) > x[is.na(x)] <- 0 > x [1] -2 -1 0 1 2 0 > x[6] <- NA > x [1] -2 -1 0 1 2 NA > x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0] 危 x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0] : 豌 豌覿 覿襯企 螳 NAs 讌 給 > x[6] <- 0 > -x[x < 0] [1] 2 1 > x[x < 0] <- -x[x < 0] > x [1] 2 1 0 1 2 0 > paste("Page", 1:10) [1] "Page 1" "Page 2" "Page 3" "Page 4" "Page 5" "Page 6" "Page 7" "Page 8" "Page 9" "Page 10" > [edit]
10 Other types of objects #
鏤
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螳 覯 螳 譬 覦覯 殊殊 酔 螳 蠏豺 蟆 狩 蟆企. (C. ) |